Psychology Essay Example

Psychology Essay Those that are Environmental-mold traits and those that reflect hereditary factors, Constitutional traits. Dynamic traits spring from either heredity or environment but not both. Erg An erg may be defined as an innate psychophysical disposition which permits its possessor to acquire reactivity (to attend) to certain classes of objects more readily than others, to experience a specific emotion there from, and to enter on activity which ceases more completely at the attainment of one specific goal than at other goals. The goals satisfactions may be defined either externally by the particular relation between the organism and an environmental situation, or internally, by some physiological condition. Chattel, 1941 General Psychology. The term erg is used instead of drives because the latter term involves several assumptions about instincts etc. , whereas the Eric patterns are experimentally demonstrable. However, in popular terms an erg is a drive or source of reactive energy. (K. Barton, T. E. Deadline and R. B. Chattel, 1972) Oregon -? work He originally identified 10 ergs Food seeking (Hunger) Mating (Sex) Gregariousness Parental Protectiveness (Protection) Exploration (Curiosity) Escape to sec ritzy (Security) Self-assertion Narcissistic sex (Sex) Pugnacity (Anger) Acquisitiveness He later modified these, changed their description and added: Appeal Disgust Self-submission All are born with these ergs but how naturally strong each of these ergs are differ from person to person. Strength of an Erg Constitutional and hereditary effects (C) personal History (H) Stimulus (S) Physiological condition component (P) Degree of gratification (G) Basically, the strength of an erg can be expressed in the formula: E Meta-ergs A ammeter is an environmentally-molded, dynamic trait. The most important ammeters: Sentiments It is an acquired dynamic trait Structure which causes its possessor to pay attention to certain objects or classes of objects and to feel and react in a certain way with regard to these objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Chattel 1950 A sentiment structure is deeper, more widely ramifying in the personality, usually established earlier, and accompanied in its function by more emotion Chattel, 1946. It is an environmental-mold source trait because it derives from external social and physical influences. A sentiment is a pattern of learned attitudes that focuses on an important aspect of life, such as persons community, spouse, occupation, religion, or hobby. Attitudes An attitude is more transient and emotionally more superficial. It arises from the impact of a sentiment upon a particular situation Chattel, 1946. Chattel defined attitudes as our interests in our and our emotions and behaviors toward some person, object, or event. As Chattel applied the term, it does not refer exclusively to an opinion for or against something, which is a commonplace usage of the word attitude. Substantiations that within the personality some elements subsidiaries, or are subordinate to, other elements. Attitudes are subsidiary to sentiments; sentiments are subsidiary to ergs. These relationships are expressed by Chattel in what he called the dynamic lattice. Schultz and Schultz 2005 Dynamic Lattice Our motivating forces, the ergs are listed at the right. Sentiments are indicated in the circles at the center of the diagram. Note that each sentiment is subsidiary to one or more ergs. The attitudes, at the left show the persons feelings and behaviors toward an object. Chattels Approach to Personality Traits Traits -TO Chattel, traits are reaction tendencies, derived by the method Of factor analysis, that are rel atively permanent parts of the personality. Common Traits possessed in some degree by all persons. Unique traits Traits possessed by one or a few persons. Us reface traits Traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source. Source traits Stable, permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis. Source traits are classified by their origin as either constitutional traits or environmental mold traits. Constitutional Traits Source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics. Environmental- mold traits Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions. Source Traits: The Basic Factors of Personality After more than two decades of intensive factor-analytic research, Chattel identified 16 source traits as the basic factors of personality (Chattel, 1965). These factors are best known in the form in which they are most often used, in an objective personality test called the Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PR) Questionnaire According to trait theory, human personality is composed of a number of broad traits or dispositions. Raymond Chattel was able to use a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify traits that are related to one another. By doing this, he was able to reduce his list to 16 key personality factors. There is a continuum of personality traits. In other words, each person contains all of these 1 6 traits to a certain degree, but they might be high in some traits and low in others. The following personality trait list describes some of the descriptive terms used for each of the 1 6 personality emissions described by Chattel. 16 Personality Factors (1 APP) HIGH SCORES LOW SCORES Stages of Personality Development Chattel proposed six stages in the development of personality covering the entire life span. Stage Age Development Infancy Birth-?engaging; toilet training formation Of ego, superego, and social attitudes Childhood- 6-14 Independence from parents and identification with peers Adolescence 14-23 Conflicts about independence, self-assertion, and sex Maturity 23-?50 Satisfaction with career, ma ridge, and family Late maturity-50-65 Personality changes in response to physical ND social circumstances Old age 65 Adjustment to loss of friends, career, and status Trait Approach STRENGTHS It supports the general image in the society that leaders are a special kind of people who can do extraordinary things. People have a need to see their leaders as gifted people, and the trait approach fulfills this need. WA second strength is that the trait approach has a long research tradition and a significant body of research data that support this approach. V The trait approach focuses only on the leader and analysis very thoroughly this component in the leadership process. The trait approach has given us mom benchmarks for what we need to look for if we want to be leaders. V Descriptive emphasis; assessment; intuitively appealing; involves a lot of research; provides a Way to evaluate attributes Elapsing why many characteristics of people do not change and it allows you to predict some behavior with fair accuracy. The approach is very scientific and has greatly influenced psychology. WEAKNESSES Lack of explanation; measurement of traits is difficult; ignores situational factors; poor reliability due to ones constant change in behavior LAP That in its purest theoretical form it doesnt permit much change and it appears stagnant. Psychology Essay Example Psychology Essay For psychiatric educators interested in using film to teach professional and lay audiences about schizophrenia, the 2001 release of A Beautiful Mind has made the process much easier. The movie shows a range of symptoms and complications, and it gives viewers—especially patients and families—hope for recovery. However, many other commercial films depict various aspects of the illness, and the choice of which one to use is determined by the audience, the pedagogical focus, and the time available. Clean, Shaven (1995), for instance, may be more challenging for professional audiences. Psychiatric educators should familiarize themselves with the variety of film options when teaching about schizophrenia. I need to believe that something extraordinary is possible, Alicia Nash declares to her husband, John, in the Hollywood production of A Beautiful Mind. John suffers from schizophrenia, and Alicia desperately tries to help him recover from this devastating illness. The films depiction of schizophrenia has inspired countless patients and their families, and psychiatric educators have already begun using it as a tool for instructing a wide variety of trainees. Despite the high quality of A Beautiful Mind, the film, like most movies, focuses on a limited number of themes and aims the story at the general public. Perhaps, audiences and teaching goals might be better reached in other ways. However, many commercial movies, each having their own strengths and weaknesses, could be considered as alternatives to traditional teaching methods for illustrating schizophrenia. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Clean, Shaven, for instance, deserves closer examination for its stunning and dramatic presentation of schizophrenia. Contrasts between Clean, Shaven and the more commercially successful A Beautiful Mind may help psychiatric educators choose which of the two films to use and in which situations to use them. The use of film for teaching psychiatry has been the subject of several recent articles and reviews (1)–(5). Popular movies are accessible, memorable, well made, fun, influential, and thought provoking. Movies show vivid examples of psychopathology in life context, rather than the narrative descriptions given in clinical interviews. A variety of groups can learn from film presentations of psychiatric issues: residents and fellows, medical students, undergraduates, allied health professionals, patients, families, and the general public. However, each audience is distinct, and the setting for the teaching (e. g. , lecture, seminar, informal group, public presentation) should influence which segments of a particular film are viewed. Film can be especially helpful in teaching about schizophrenia because it exposes a variety of audience types and sizes to the relatively unfamiliar phenomenology of schizophrenia. Although many people have experienced affective symptoms such as depression or anxiety to some degree, thought and perception disturbances, such as schizophrenia, may be harder for the average person to understand. Moreover, compared to clinical interviews (live or videotaped), film portrayals of schizophrenia may be easier to obtain, more anonymous, and more illustrative of active symptoms. Finally, dramatically edited commercial films—often with enhanced audiovisual special effects—may provide a more complete, concise, and memorable virtual window into the world of psychosis, an often emotional experience that most people might otherwise never have. Even for professional audiences, film presentations may have advantages over clinical interviews. In a live patient interaction, trainees do not have the ability to pause and discuss content or process, rewind an interview to review what happened, or fast forward to more relevant sections. Similarly, for the lay audience, commercially edited films may be superior to videotaped clinical interviews in their technical presentation, quality, and efficiency. The popularity of commercial films may be a wonderful hook to inspire the initial interest of trainees, especially medical students. On the other hand, psychiatric educators must exercise caution when selecting films for teaching, as many suffer from inaccuracies or contribute to stigma (6). For example, Me, Myself and Irene features Jim Carrey as a man who becomes schizo after his wife leaves him, with schizophrenia depicted as split personality. Released in 2000 and directed by the Farrelly brothers, this clownish comedy has been roundly panned and protested by the media, mental health professionals, and advocacy groups who see it as being almost entirely devoid of accuracy, sensitivity and subtlety (7). A Beautiful Mind avoids the insensitivity of other films. Released in 2001 and directed by Ron Howard, the film, wh ich stars Russell Crowe as John Nash, dramatically explores the development and effects of psychosis on the patient, the patients family, and the wider community. Nash, a brilliant mathematician, begins to believe that he has been approached by a shadowy government agency to assist with code breaking. As his illness progresses, he becomes more guarded and afraid. He is unable to function well at work, and he frightens his wife. A college roommate turns out to be an elaborate hallucination, and other aspects of his life appear to be built on paranoia, grandiosity, and ideas of reference. Committed involuntarily for insulin coma therapy and other treatments, Nash improves somewhat. Although his later course is marked by nonadherence and disabling negative symptoms, he eventually succeeds in his struggle to reintegrate into the academic community. The film culminates triumphantly in Nashs acceptance of the Nobel Prize. Much of the films clinical presentation, especially the patient and family experience of living with psychosis, seems to ring true. Max Fink, a professor of psychiatry at SUNY-Stony Brook, served as a consultant (7). Despite being Hollywood (Dreamworks Pictures/Universal Pictures/Image Entertainment) in terms of production, financing, star power, and distribution (8), the movie avoids cliches and unrealistic endings that have often marred other films on schizophrenia. Advocacy groups like the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) have promoted A Beautiful Mind as both a powerful teaching tool for patients and families seeking to learn more about the illness and counter stigma among the general public (9). On the other hand, A Beautiful Mind has some weaknesses that may limit its teaching applicability or at least raise some cautions among psychiatric educators. Many patients who have watched the movie have derisively commented that much of the story seems unrealistic, especially the high achievement despite illness, the unwavering family support, and the degree of community reintegration. Clinicians and trainees have wondered about the nature of some of John Nashs symptoms, since having fully formed, interactive, and associated visual and auditory hallucinations is relatively uncommon (10). Although the movie is based on a true story, the director has admitted taking liberties for dramatic effect, raising doubt as to how much should be believed. For example, historical inaccuracies plague the depiction of insulin coma therapy, and Nashs wife actually divorced him (11). Although the film seeks to inspire hope and reduce stigma, some people, especially patients, have worried that A Beautiful Mind may swing the pendulum too far in the other direction, yielding a Christopher Reeve effect, whereby family members expect their disabled loved ones to go out and win Nobel Prizes. Despite some weaknesses, A Beautiful Mind is a powerful and influential film that will and should be used in psychiatric education. The best audiences may be patients, families, and the general public, who will get an outstanding introduction to schizophrenia: its symptoms, course, treatments, and complications. The movie would be perfect to show at a NAMI meeting for patients and families to learn more about the illness and recovery, with discussion used to highlight salient themes and correct any misperceptions that the film may generate. The film may also be recommended for patients struggling with discouragement about recovery. This videotherapy, as a self-help psychoeducational tool, can have substantial benefits (12). Moreover, A Beautiful Mind can show how delusions develop, how patients could believe such thoughts to be true, and how such symptoms can devastate their lives and the lives of their family and friends. Although not as publicized or widely released as A Beautiful Mind, the movie Clean, Shaven (1995) is distinct in its portrayal of schizophrenia. The film raises important issues that may better challenge psychiatric trainees. Matters pertaining to phenomenology, expressed emotion, dependent children, custody, stigma, and violence are depicted. Clean, Shaven was produced, directed, and written by Lodge H. Kerrigan. The movie details a chapter in the life of Peter Winter, an individual suffering from schizophrenia, who is on a quest to find his adopted-away daughter. Following either his release or escape from an institutional setting, Winter returns to his childhood home to find an unsympathetic mother, a frightened community, and a suspicious detective who believes that he is responsible for a local murder. The plot, however, remains almost a minimalist backdrop for the powerful use of audio and video effects to illustrate symptoms of schizophrenia. Audiences uneasily listen to continual sound distortion and radio fuzz that simulate auditory hallucinations, and they cringe as Winter attempts to remove what he believes to be implanted transmitters from his scalp and fingernail bed. The edginess continues until the final, tragic, and disturbing conclusion. The role of Winter is masterfully played by Peter Greene, who illustrates the cognitive symptoms, the highs, and the lows of those suffering from schizophrenia. Poignantly, the sufferers intense and unfulfilled longing for family and recovery is also depicted. Both the performance and the special effects allow viewers to get inside the head of people with schizophrenia, while the plot delineates the social consequences of the illness, particularly family disruption and stigma. Some psychiatrists have described Greenes performance as the best portrayal of untreated schizophrenia ever presented on film (quoted in 13). Kerrigan spent more than 2 years developing the script and raising funds for Clean, Shaven, his first feature film. While Ron Howard had $60 million to make A Beautiful Mind, Kerrigans production company—fittingly named DSM-III Films—was limited to a budget of $60,000 (8,14). Shot in little-used 16mm film, the movie has been described by critics as rough around the edges (15). Even after receiving critical acclaim at the Cannes and Sundance film festivals in 1994, national release of the movie remained in doubt for 18 months while a distribution company battled Kerrigan in an unsuccessful attempt to purge one of the most disturbing scenes (13). Film critic, Roger Ebert, praised Kerrigans uncompromising experiment (16), and viewers who sat through its 79 minutes walked out of theaters pondering numerous challenging questions. For a group of residents rotating on a schizophrenia inpatient unit, watching the movie in its entirety might generate lively discussion. For professional audiences, some of those questions might include: * What is the daughters risk for developing schizophrenia? * How might you approach the family dynamics and their effects on Winters illness? What is the violence rate among patients with schizophrenia, and why does the general public seem to overestimate this risk? * What is Winters prognosis? Ensuring that residents, medical students, and other trainees receive an extremely realistic and moving representation of schizophrenia that may enhance empathy for patients and inspire interest in the illness is most important. This dichotomy of viewing needs between professional—especially traineeâ€⠀and public—especially patients and their families—audiences may be helpful in selecting which films to use for psychiatric teaching. In addition, a films ability to generate discussion, present selected themes, challenge the audience, fit into a limited time frame, and lend itself to excerpting clips may all influence the choice of film. In addition to A Beautiful Mind and Clean, Shaven, many other commercial movies can be considered for instructing trainees about schizophrenia (see Table 1). For instance, excerpts from The Fisher King, which shows visual hallucinations and delusions, might be ideal for an audience of high school students who know little about the illness. The film has relevant scenes that could stand alone, and it is fairly accurate in terms of symptoms and effects. A group of undergraduate students taking a seminar on the history of psychiatry might benefit from viewing and discussing The Snake Pit. A scene from Birdy could be used to help medical students understand catatonia. Whatever film is chosen, the psychiatric educator should be familiar with the content in order to select appropriate scenes and prepare discussion points. Some of the films listed contain either inaccurate information, such as dissociative identity disorder presented as schizophrenia, or were made to implement specific agendas, such as antipsychiatry programs, that may limit their use for some audiences. Finally, film should not be used as a substitute for more formal professional teaching or as a stand-alone presentation without follow-up discussion and commentary. These films, however, can assist a psychiatric educator in successfully meeting a variety of learning objectives for teaching schizophrenia. And what better way than to stimulate, challenge, and excite audiences using a medium specifically designed for that purpose? guage, we are used to seeing in films today, but in the manner of Alfred Hitchcock’s psychological and emotional drama do director Ron Howard and Academy Award winner Russell Crowe bring to the big screen the most intense film of the year. Both Howard and Crowe reach a pinnacle in their careers. For Howard, this is a film worthy of an Oscar. Once adored for his childhood role as Opie in the Andy Griffith Show, Ronny Howard gathers and guides an explosive talent ensemble in a magnificent cinematic achievement that will again make him a household name. For Crowe, who last captured the world with his role in Gladiator, the seamless transition into the heart and soul of a genius and delusional mathematician is undoubtedly the achievement of a lifetime. A Beautiful Mind follows the career of John Nash as he searches for the governing dynamics of economics. Like most geniuses, Nash carries himself with equal measures of arrogance and weirdness. He doesn’t try to fit in with his fellow Princeton colleagues, and he understands he isn’t much liked. His chatty roommate Charles keeps Nash’s only social thread intact. Even after his innovative economic theory gives him the coveted position at Wheeler Defense Labs at MIT, Nash continues to search for the next great challenge. That challenge comes with a top-secret code breaking assignment supervised by William Parcher. Quickly enough, the government job becomes much more than Nash can handle. Even Charles, his little niece Marci, and Parcher, who had become the cornerstone of Nashs life, unexpectedly add to the challenge that Nash had neither asked for nor seems to be able to figure out. In an exquisitely set up plot twist, Nash is forced to turn to his relationship with his wife Alicia for the solution to his problem. It is this element that takes the story and its characters to the depths of intensity, courage, and authenticity. Despite the delusions and eventual hospitalization that John Nash suffers, his wife’s love is the rock that supports him. When reason betrays him, the heart sees him through, and a handkerchief that Alicia had given him on their first date becomes a symbol of the bond that saves them in the blurring realities of physical, metaphysical, and delusional. Even as Nash receives recognition for his work in mathematics years later, he still clings to that handkerchief as a reminder of what is real and invaluable. Russell Crowe had proven his versatility as an actor long before A Beautiful Mind, but in the role of John Nash, he creates such brilliance that he has earned his place among the Hollywood legends. In this movie, Crowe is no longer the actor that many are so used to hearing tales of. He becomes John Nash with all of Nash’s facial ticks, nervous hand motions, shuffling walk, and erratic comments. The despair, pain, confusion, love, hope, doubt, and illness of the character come alive through Russell Crowe. His landmark performance draws the viewer into a mind that is beautiful, brilliant, and beset with demons. Crowe creates a man that we relate to, admire, and fear, and his performance will no doubt inspire and guide the next generation of actors. Jennifer Connelly heads the wonderful supporting cast as Nash’s wife Alicia. In the most distinguished role of her career, she conveys the humor of guiding John Nash through their romance, the pain of seeing her husband disintegrate into someone she doesn’t recognize, and the love she nurtures to save them both. She helps us believe that together they can overcome what even the scientists consider an insurmountable challenge. Paul Bettany is outstanding as Nash’s friend Charles Hermon. His charm, humor and determination lead one to cheer for him as much as Nash. Ed Harris plays the government man Parcher. Harris’s character becomes the force that pulls Nash deeper into his delusions. All three supporting actors provide a stellar contribution to Crowe’s performance. I was drawn to this movie from the moment it was only a rumor of Russell Crowe’s next film. I followed the news of its making until its release. I laughed at Nash’s one-liners, and wished I could back up the film and rerun the Governor’s ball sequence. I suffered with Nash as he underwent the seizures of insulin therapy, and I nodded in vindication at the finest moment of his career. A Beautiful Mind reaches far into the recesses of magic and terror that form the intimate reality of human experience. On the surface, we all entertain delusions to make sense of our world. It takes awesome courage to see through those delusions and grasp the fibers that make us beautiful and precious even in our imperfections. This is a film to see more than once. It is one to be discussed with someone. It is a film to add to your home collection. A Beautiful Mind is undoubtedly a film of the highest caliber and is destined to become a classic.

Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War

Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War Between England and France lasted for more than a hundred years (1337–1453) of off and on conflict  before England appeared to have been defeated. Any conflict lasting this long would cause changes, and the aftermath of the wars affected both nations. The Uncertain End While we now recognize that a distinctive phase of Anglo-French conflict ended in 1453, there was no peace settlement in the Hundred Years War, and the French remained prepared for the English to return for some time. For their part, the English crown didn’t give up its claim on the French throne. Englands continued invasions werent so much an effort at recovering their lost territory, but because Henry VI had gone mad, and competing noble factions couldnt agree on past and future policy. This contributed greatly to England’s own struggle for power, known as the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of Henry VI during his mental illness. The conflict was partly fought by battle-hardened veterans of the Hundred Years War. The Wars of the Roses tore at the elites of Britain  and killed many others as well. A watershed had been reached, however, and the French south was now permanently out of English hands. Calais remained under English control until 1558, and the claim on the French throne was only dropped in 1801.​ Effects on England and France France had been severely damaged during the fighting. This was partly caused by official armies conducting bloody raids designed to undermine the opposition ruler by killing civilians, burning buildings, and crops and stealing whatever riches they could find. It was also frequently caused by ‘routiers,’ brigands- frequently soldiers - serving no lord and just pillaging to survive and get richer. Areas became depleted, populations fled or were massacred, the economy was damaged and disrupted, and ever greater expenditure was sucked into the army, raising taxes. Historian Guy Blois called the effects of the 1430s and 1440s a ‘Hiroshima in Normandy. Of course, some people benefitted from the extra military expenditure. On the other hand, while tax in pre-war France had been occasional, in the post-war era it was regular and established. This extension of government was able to fund a standing army- which was built around the new technology of gunpowder- increasing both royal power and revenue, and the size of the armed forces they could field. France had begun the journey to an absolutist monarchy which would characterize  later centuries. In addition, the damaged economy soon began to recover. England, in contrast, had begun the war with more organized tax structures than France, and much greater accountability to a parliament, but royal revenues fell greatly over the war, including the substantial losses incurred by losing wealthy French regions such as Normandy and Aquitaine. For a while, however, some Englishmen got very rich from the plunder taken from France, building houses and churches back in England. The Sense of Identity Perhaps the most lasting impact of the war, especially in England, was the emergence of a much greater sense of patriotism and national identity. This was in part due to publicity spread to gather taxes for the fighting, and partly due to generations of people, both English and French, knowing no situation other than war in France. The French crown benefited from triumphing, not just over England, but over other dissident French nobles, binding France closer as a single body.

Pros and Cons of Having a College Roommate

Pros and Cons of Having a College Roommate You may be a first-year student filling out new-student paperwork, trying to decide if youd like a roommate or not. Or you may be a student who has had a roommate for several years and now is interested in living on your own. So how can you decide if having a college roommate is a good idea for your particular situation? Consider the financial aspects. At the end of the day, at least for most college students, theres only so much money to go around. If living in a single / without a roommate will increase the cost of attending college significantly for you, then sticking it out with a roommate for another year (or two or three) is a good idea. If, however, you think you can swing living on your own financially or you think having your own space is worth the extra cost, than not having a roommate might be in the cards. Just think carefully about what any increased costs will mean for your time in school and beyond, if you are using loans to finance your education. (Also consider whether you should live on or off campus or even in a Greek house when factoring in housing and roommate costs.) Think about having a general roommate, not just one person in particular. You may have lived with the same roommate since your first year on campus, so in your mind, the choice is between that person or no one. But that doesnt have to be the case. While its important to consider if you want to live with an old roommate again, its also important to consider whether you want to live with a roommate in general. Have you enjoyed having someone to talk to? To borrow things from? To share stories and laughs with? To help out when you both needed a little lift? Or are you ready for some space and time on your own? Reflect on what you want your college experience to be like. If youre already in college, think back on the memories and experiences youve come to value the most. Who was involved? What made them meaningful for you? And if youre about to start college, think about what you want your college experience to look like. How does having a roommate fit into all of that? Sure, roommates can be a major pain in the brain, but they can also challenge each other to step outside of comfort zones and try new things. Would you have joined a fraternity, for example, had it not been for your roommate? Or learned about a new culture or food? Or attended an on-campus event that really opened your eyes about an important issue? Think about what set-up would best support your academic experience. True, college life involves a lot of learning outside of the classroom. But your primary reason for being in college is to graduate. If youre the type of person who enjoys, say, hanging out in the quad for a little while but really likes to head back to a quiet room to get a few hours of studying done, than perhaps a roommate isnt the best choice for you. That being said, roommates can also make awesome study buddies, motivators, tutors, and even lifesavers when they let you use their laptop when yours breaks 20 minutes before your paper is due. They can also help keep you focused and ensure the room stays a place where you both can study even when your friends pop over with other plans. Consider all the ways that having a roommate will have an impact on your academics both positively and negatively.

Mark Twain used his writings to condemn hypocrisy because he feels Essay

Mark Twain used his writings to condemn hypocrisy because he feels that people should be able to tell the truth at all times.How - Essay Example In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s last statement that, â€Å"But I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it. I been there before.† (Twain 569). Twain was trying to show the experience of Huck with Aunt Sally. Huck tries to explain that he has been enlightened before people of his age and this could be due to the fact that Huck started learning to be ‘sivilized’ at a tender age. ‘Territory’ in this context could be said to mean ‘the Indian territory’, hence, Huck’s first sentence could be said to mean that he had wanted to be independent before people of his age. Huck’s next statement that ‘because Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it. I been there before’ was used by Huck to kick against his adoption by Aunt Sally as he knows tha t Sally is someone that would try to instill some societal values and norms in him and he has had this experience before and this is something that he did not enjoy in any way. Huck’s experience with the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson were actually the ‘sivilizing’ experience he had as she tried to reform Huck and make sure that he conformed to the societal rules and order.

Human Growth and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Growth and Development - Essay Example I will ask her the reason why she is taking drugs. I will then explain that taking drugs have adverse effects on her that she may not know now but will later on have bad effects on her well-being. If she tells me that it is because of peer pressure that she used drugs, I will suggest to her that I think it is best that she stays away from those group of friends because they are not a good influence on her. I will also assure my daughter that I am always here ready to listen to her and that I want to help her to stop using drugs. Assuming that my daughter denies the use of drugs when I confront her, I can also ask the help of a qualified counselor who can help both my daughter and me deal with the problem. These people are professionally trained to handle situations like this. They will be able to assist me to dig deeper into the problem of my daughter and determine the real reason behind the use of drugs. They could recommend specific course of treatment for my daughter, depending on the severity of the use of drugs. As a parent, I will need a lot of professional advice from these counselors on how to relate with my daughter so that she will be more open to me and not resort to her friends Lastly, I should try to give more attention to my daughter and try to know her friends too.

Security Domains and Strategies Essay Example for Free

Security Domains and Strategies Essay Part 1: Multi-Layered Security Plan Security is a fundamental aspect of any network infrastructure. The goal is to always have the most up to date programs and protocols to ensure the protection of the network. No aspect is too small to over look. That could mean the difference between a secure network and a compromised network. The best way to achieve this is to break down every level and approach each one as a separate entity and secure it. Then you can modify it to suit the needs of your network. We can start with the Application layer. The Application layer provides the interface to the user. First the end user should be subjected to a background check to ensure against any potential malicious or questionable acts in the users past. Then the end user should be properly trained in the use of the computer and the proper protocols to access the network. Updates should be made frequently to keep the user up to date. When the user is in the network, make sure that any unnecessary devices, USB ports and any back doors are disabled. You also want to make sure that all files and emails and downloadable attachments are all thoroughly scanned prior to downloading. Finally, be sure to ensure content filtering, and restrict the end user to only what pertains to their primary function. The Presentation layer is responsible for encoding and decoding data that is passed from the application layer to another station on the internetwork. You must first ensure that all USB ports are disabled, as well as CD and DVD. This helps to prevent any unauthorized uploads or downloads Make sure that any devices that are not pertinent to the user are disabled as well. To prevent any downloads, use filtering and antivirus scanning. Make sure that any external devices are not used unless proper authorization is obtained. Update all software regularly and enable password protection and screen lock out when the computer is inactive. The session layer is responsible for creating, managing and terminating sessions that are used by entities at the presentation layer. First you must secure the physical part by making sure that your closets are secure under lock and key and video monitored as well. Make sure that you have an access list of personnel authorized into the closet and keep a log of all who access the closets. Use the highest key possible for all wireless access points. Finally, make sure that all the work stations are individually encrypted as well. You could use two forms of authorization at the users work station. The Transport layer implements reliable internetwork data transport services that are transparent to upper-layer protocols. First you want to disable ping, probing and port scanning on all the IP devices in the LAN to WAN, this helps prevent phishing and trolling for open ports or any vulnerabilities in the network. you also need to make sure you disable all IP port numbers and monitor with intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems. You would also like to monitor all of the inbound traffic for any questionable items and apply file transfer monitoring, scanning, and alarming for unknown files. Finally, you should continuously check for vulnerabilities and fix them when they are found, and ensure domain name content filtering is used to keep users on task. The Network layer defines routing services that allow multiple data links to be combined into an internetwork. You should first restrict using the internet for private communications, set permissions to deny any social or streaming web sites or pages. Then put firewalls in place and apply Acceptable Use Policy in accordance to the RFC 1087: Ethics and the internet. Then get your ISP to put the proper filters on its IP router interfaces. Finally, you should back up all data in an offline, and of site location. Be sure to scan all email attachments for possible threats to the network. The Data Link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical network link. The Data Link layer also defines the physical network-addressing scheme, such as the MAC Address on network interface cards in a workstation connected to a LAN. First you should encrypt all confidential data transmissions through the service provider. You should also make sure that your access control lists are enabled and implement continuous SNMP alarms and security monitoring. The Physical layer defines the parameters necessary to build, maintain, and break the physical link connections. First set automatic blocking for attempted logon retries, this will help against dictionary attacks. You could also apply first-level and secondary level security for remote access to sensitive systems. Be sure to encrypt all private data within the database or hard drive. Finally apply real-time lockout procedures if a token is lost or device is compromised. Part 2: Student SSCP Domain Research Paper This is a multi-layered security plan. First, Assign people that are fully trained and/or provide the training that makes it possible to do the job. To prevent malicious software and etc. in the 7 domains of an IT infrastructure, you can isolate and install preventions for each domain. The domains are as follows: User Domain, Workstation Domain, LAN Domain, and LAN to WAN Domain, Remote Access Domain, WAN Domain, and the System/Application Domain. The first part of the IT infrastructure is the User Domain. It is the weakest link in the IT infrastructure and this is where the users connect to the system. You can make the user aware to the risks and threats that they are susceptible to by holding an Awareness Training session. The system is password protected however; you should change passwords every few months to prevent an attack. Also, log the users as they enter and exit the system to make sure there’s no unauthorized access. While it’s the company’s choice to allow employees to bring in USB/Removable drives, you have a threat to someone obtaining the wrong information, or getting malicious software into the system. If you allow the USB/Removable drives, have a virus scan every time someone inserts one into a company computer. In a Workstation Domain, you need to make sure virus protection is set up. You are protecting administrative, workstations, laptops, departmental workstations and servers, network and operating system software. You can enable password protection and auto screen lockout for inactive times, use workstation antivirus and malicious code policies, use content filtering and antivirus scanning at internet entry and exit, and update application software and security patches according to the policies and standards. You need to also make sure that the laptops are up to date on the anitivirus software. The LAN domain will have all the protocols for the users to make sure that they are authorized to access those areas. Make sure that the server rooms are locked and wireless access points are password protected. A LAN to WAN domain is where the IT infrastructure links to a wide area network and the internet. To prevent any problems make sure you apply strict security monitoring controls for intrusion detection, apply file transfer monitoring, and disable ping, probing and port scanning on all exterior IP devices within this domain and have an alert system when someone plugs in a removable media disk(since they are not allowed). If a problem occurs, fix it fully to make sure it doesn’t happen again. In a WAN Domain, make sure to implement encryption and acceptable use policies. Scan all email attachments and prohibit the internet for private communication (if possible). Make sure security policies are being followed and every employee is in compliance and signs an acceptable use policy. You can allow only access to the mainframe from the job site or on an acceptable laptop. For the Remote Access Domain, you need to focus on password attempts and encryption. First, you need to apply a user id and password. Then, limit the number of times that a user can enter his or her password before it locks out. Also, apply time lockout procedures on confidential data and make sure you encrypt also. Make sure you have qualified people doing their jobs correctly since they will have remote access to other people’s computers. In a System/Application Domain, it holds all the mission critical systems, such as, operating system software, applications, and data. To prevent any virus, malware, or unauthorized access into your system, apply a code of ethics, and implement daily backups. Also, apply polices, standards, and guidelines for all employees who enter and exit the building, make sure all server rooms are secure and that only the people that have access to them are entering them. In conclusion, encryption is a big part of domain security, along with firewalls and doing virus and malware scans. As long as you cover the major aspects and security measures listed in this document, that will be a big plus for your company.

Identifying Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in School-Aged Children Essay

Very few people fully understand the implications of obsessive compulsive disorder and social phobias, but experts lead the way in making sense of these disorders. There are so many ideas as to what causes these conditions, and ways to treat them. Another implication that a lot of people don’t know or care to consider is whether or not these disorders are highly associated with violence. In the classroom setting, it is important to keep everyone safe. Students with such disorders may be at risk of hurting themselves and others. It is crucial for professional educators to understand these disorders thoroughly and make sure there are no high risks for these students; with high risk students it is important to understand how to handle specific behaviors and avoid harmful difficulties. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, is defined as having unwanted ideas, feelings, thoughts, sensations, or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something. Although, a lot of â€Å"typical† people have behaviors and or sensations out of the general norm; OCD is only considered when these thoughts and/or behaviors are persistent and take up a lot of time. When these thoughts then make no sense, be the cause of suffering, or interfere with a person’s life then it is considered severe OCD. For example, if an individual cannot leave their home, because they have to continuously recheck their stove, or even count everything in their home backwards and forwards. These are severe OCD’s because this person cannot continue with their day without these behaviors. If this were a student, they may be sleepy before school because they spent the night doing this, or they may never arrive to school because they keep doing the procedure incorre... ...ve Disorder. Education and Treatment of Children, 31, 3, 395-416. Lilienfeld, S. (2010). Fear: Can’t Live with It, Can’t Live without It. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 20, 16-20. McGough, J. L. (1993). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence. School Psychology Review, 22(2), 243. McLoone, J., Hudson, J., Rapee, R. (2006). Treating Anxiety Disorders in School Settings. Education and Treatment of Children, 29, 2, 221-233. Pence, S., Sulkowski, M., Jordan, C., Storch, E. (2010). When Exposures Go Wrong: Trouble-Shooting Guidelines for Managing Difficult Scenarios that Arise in Exposure-Based Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64, 1, 39-51. Walsh, J. (26 Nov. 2001). Shyness and Social Phobia: Perspective on a Problem in Living. A Social Work Health & Social Work, 27, 2, 137-144.

Martin Buber and The Way of Man Essay

Martin Buber is today’s one of the most important representatives of the human spirit. He was born in Vienna in 1878, studied philosophy and the history of art at the University of Vienna and of Berlin. In 1916 he founded Der Jude, a periodical which he edited until 1924 and which became under his guidance the leading organ of the German-speaking Jewry. Professor Buber has written widely in the fields of philosophy, education, philosophy of religion, community, sociology, psychology, art, Biblical interpretation, Judaism, Hasidism, and Zionism. Buber’s works best known in America include I and Thou, the classical statement of his philosophy of dialogue, Between Man and Man, Eclipse of God, The Tales of the Hasidism and the way of man The way of man is a book by martin Buber which would seem to be simple but a person who read it through and think they have understood it fully, when in fact they have discovered only one or two dimensions of its message. Everything that is in I and Thou is also implicit in The Way of Man, but it is in there in a much more compressed form. I and Thou is compact too, but The Way of Man is much more compact, yet still rich and pregnant with meaning. It almost demands that you read it again and again, its meanings are hidden in between the lines, so people who are meditative in reading could understand the meanings of the book and the wisdom in that little book. And if The Way of Man is short, deceptively simple and heavy with meaning, the recurring dream that frequently came to Buber is even more so. His description of this dream is only one page long, but for those who have a good understanding of how dreams sometimes speak the deeper language of the heart and spirit, this dream is a rich and powerful one indeed. And the fact that it recurred to Buber several times is itself significant. Recurrent dreams are often, according to Carl Jung, our soul’s (or God’s? ) attempt to tell us something extremely important about our deepest well-being, and they have to recur because we are so resistant to hearing whatever the message is that they are trying to teach us. So Buber saw this dream as a particularly significant one. The Influence of Hasidism in The Way of Man Although his existence as a modern Western man has made it impossible for Buber to become a Hasid, it is to Hasidism, more than to any other single source that he has gone for his image of what modem man can and ought to become. For Hasidism, as for Buber’s philosophy of dialogue, one cannot love God unless one loves his fellow man, and for this love to be real it must be love of each particular man in his created uniqueness and it must take place for its own sake and not for the sake of any reward, even the salvation or perfection of one’s soul. Hasidism is a mysticism which hallows community and everyday life rather than withdraws from it, rejecting asceticism and the denial of the life of the senses in favor of the joy that can transform and re-direct the â€Å"alien thoughts,† or fantasies, that distract man from the love of God. According to Buber Despair, to Hasidism, is worse even than sin, for it leads one to believe oneself in the power of sin and hence to give in to it. One must overcome the pride that leads one to compare himself with others, but he must not forget that in himself, as in all men, is a unique value which must be realized if the world is to be brought to perfection. Everyone must have two pockets, said one Hasidic master. In his right pocket he must keep the words, for my sake was the world created, and in his left, I am dust and ashes. Hasidism stresses simple piety and fervor more than intellectual subtlety or the attempt to schematize heavenly mysteries. As every lock has its key which fits it, so every mystery has the meditation that opens it, said a great Hasidic teacher. â€Å"But God loves the thief who breaks the lock opens: I mean the man who breaks his heart for God. According to Hasidism, the very qualities which make us what we constitute our special approach to God and our potential use for Him. There is nothing so crass or base that it cannot become material for hallowing. The profane, for Hasidism, is only a designation for the not yet hallowed. Hallowing transforms the evil urges by confronting them with holiness and making them responsible toward what is holy. It is not in our inward devotion alone or in Freudian sublimation which uses the relation to the outer as a means to inner change, but in essential, mutual relations with others that we are able to serve God with our fear, anger, love, and sexual desire. What God asks of man is that he become humanly holy, i. e. , becomes holy as man, in the measure and in the manner of man. The Relationship of God and Man God asks us questions that He already knows the answer to so as to call us to examine ourselves. This is based on the belief that we are capable of knowing who and what we are by self-examination. The chief did not what to be called to examine himself because he was afraid of what he might find out. Each human being is unique, should seek to discover, then be himself and do what he ought to do in service to God. The way to reach God is revealed when a person comes to understand who and what he or she is in their own individuality in recognition of that absolute which create and stirs those inner desires so leading that person to that absolute, which is God, by being what he or she ought be as God intends. Heart-Searching the Way of Man: Man and Man Relationship The task of man, of every man, according to Hasidic teaching, is to affirm for god’s sake the world and himself and by this very means to transform both. There is a demonic question, a spurious question, which apes God’s question, the question of Truth. Its characteristic is that it does not stop at: ‘Where art thou? , but continues: From where you have got to, there is no way out. This is the wrong kind of heart-searching, which does not prompt man to turn and put him on the way, but, by representing turning as hopeless, drives him to a point where it appears to have become entirely impossible and man can go on living only by demonic pride, the pride of perversity. Every single man is a new thing in the world, and is called upon to fulfill his particularity in this world. Thus the way by which a man can reach God is revealed to him only through the knowledge of his own being, the knowledge of his essential quality and inclination. A man may only detach himself from nature in order to revert to it again and, in hallowed contact with it, find his way to God. Any natural act, if followed, leads to God, and nature needs man for what no angel can perform on it, namely, its following. But just this perspective, in which a man sees himself only individual contrasted with other individuals, and a genuine person, whose transformation helps towards the transformation of the world, co rains the fundamental error which Hasidic teaching denounces. The essential thing is to begin with oneself, and at this moment a man has nothing in the world to care about than this beginning. Any other attitude would distract him from what he is about to begin, weakening his initiative, and thus frustrate the entire bold undertaking. ‘Our sages say: Seek peace i your own place. You cannot find peace anywhere saves in your own self. When a man has made peace within himself, he will be able to make peace in the whole world. Human Beings as Treasures In their true essence, the two worlds are one. The goal here is integration. As Buber stated earlier, it is man’s work to hallow creation, and here in section 6 to draw God into the world since God wants to come into the world through man. So the theme of The Way of Man comes together, integration. My life is a gift so any ‘treasure’ I have is not of my own making. I have a wonderful wife, two beautiful children, and my health, live in freedom, and have a good job and financial stability. Any of these wonderful gifts could be taken from me at any time, so I must be careful as to what I put my trust in and what I value as my ‘treasure. To have any lasting, ultimate value I must store up treasures that are imperishable and of eternal significance. My relationships and the priorities I place on them will be of eternal significance, which the most important relationship being with God. It is when I put my relationship with God first that all my other relationships begin to be what they ought to be. As somebody think of their marriage and their relationship with God functions like a triangle, the closer you both draw to God, the closer you will draw to each other. ’ So ‘treasuring’ the eternal has earthly value as well. Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. †(Matthew 6:19-21) I would say this means God gives man freewill; He is a perfect gentleman who will not enter where He is not invited, but will gladly enter where He is. Body and Soul as Conflicting Entities There is a conflict between body and soul where the person is not ‘all of one piece. When one aspect attempts to lord over the other or tries to bring the other into submission, this is what is referred to as patchwork since there is disunity in the person. Resolution occurs when the core of the soul, the divine force is allowed to bind the conflicting desires of body and soul to act in concert as it is intended to be. When the desires of both body and soul are unified in purpose and action, in absence of conflict, a person is being what he or she ought to be. In order to make peace with the world you must first be at peace with yourself. Often times we preach hardest against that which we struggle with ourselves. In previous years in struggled with atheism so Buber gravitated toward atheists seeking debate and argument because I myself wanted answers; doubt is very disintegrating. A couple of years ago he struggled with the issue of free-will, despite the fact that he despises the implications of determinism Buber listened to and studied prominent Calvinists. He is not comfortable with only listening to what he wants to hear because Buber views that as a form a self-brainwashing. As it is mentioned The way of man brings about and rather learns through conflict and antithesis. Relationship to God and Man Leads to Development Human beings are basically social beings who mingle each other for their daily needs and livelihood. Buber has given more importance to the relationship to god and man where one becomes authentically human by fulfilling their existential nature. Both these relations are essential for a human being for his personal development as well as the development of the society. In a society where the individuals nourish their behavior and character through firm relations, obviously the society also would flourish in all the dimensions. According to Buber, if person could nourish the relation with God and is not able to contact with human beings his life will be a failure and vice versa. But as far as the new age is concerned, we are becoming more self-oriented in character and in nature. Often time’s human beings relate with God and man in order to gain something, or to secure their lives in this world. Our culture has changed from the rich traditions, where people lived in harmony with each other, helped each other, obviously that was an ‘other oriented’ era. Once there were villages where cultures had grown, people lived in faith and relations sprout like the tree in the river side. But nowadays there are concrete villages where people live in broken relations, fake faiths and comforting life styles. Here Buber’s thoughts are revolutionary to change the heart of the people. The way of man could bring about a paradigm shift in people, where only through healthy relationship human develops their behavior and character. Thus the philosophy of development could be a fruit of the relations with God and the fellow beings. Conclusion Most systems of belief the believer considers that the can achieve a perfect relationship to God by renouncing the world of the senses and overcoming his own natural being. Not so the Hasid. Certainly, cleaving unto God is to him the highest aim of the human person, but to achieve it he is not required to abandon the external and internal reality of earthly being, but to affirm it in its true, God oriented essence and thus so to transform it that he can offer it up to God. Hasidism is no pantheism. It teaches the absolute transcendence of God, but as combined with his conditioned immanence. The world is an irradiation of God, but as it is endowed with an independence of existence and striving, it is apt, always and everywhere, to form a crust around itself. Thus, a divine spark lives in everything and being, but each such spark is enclosed by an isolating shell. Only man can liberate it and re-join it with the Origin: by holding holy converse with the thing and using it in a holy manner, that is, so that his intention in doing so remains directed towards God’s transcendence. Thus the divine immanence emerges from the exile of the shells. But also in man, in every man, is a force divine. And in man far more than in all other beings it can pervert itself can be misused by himself. This happens if he, Instead of directing it towards its origin, allows it to run direction less and seize at everything that offers itself to it; instead of following passion, he makes it evil. But here, too, a way to redemption is open: he who with the entire force of his being turns to God, lifts at this his point of the universe the divine immanence out of its debasement, which he has caused. The task of man, of every man, according to Hasidic teaching, is to affirm for God’s sake the world and himself and by this very means to transform both.

Civil Rights Movement Was Slow Between 1955-68 Essay

Explain why the civil rights movement was slow between 1955-68 The civil rights movement was slow between 1955-68 for multiple reasons, these being the falling out of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King along with the Civil rights groups splitting and changing their tactics between violent protest or peaceful protest which consequently lead to them being less effective. Also Presidential action could be said to be lacking therefor acts to improve civil rights weren’t passed or were unaffected. One reason that the civil rights movement was slow was due to Eisenhower’s stance on the topic during his presidency (1953-1961). Eisenhower believed that the position of the black people would improve of its own accord over time. In this sense he did not think that it was the government’s job to improve conditions for black people. We can see this form his reaction in regards to Little rock campaign and his reluctance to become involved with it. This is a reason why the civil rights movement was slow because the president was unwilling to pass civil rights laws to change the situation of the blacks due to his belief that it would change in their favour in time. Also because of conflict between Malcolm and King the two main black men that were leading the campaign the African Americans were side tracked, essentially forgetting their main aim; racial equality. Malcolm X was very critical of Martin Luther King calling him the â€Å"Twentieth century Uncle Tom† and banding around rumours that he was being paid by the white government to preach Christian love and forgiveness which was all in aid of preventing the black people from effectively fighting for their freedom. This conflict would not achieve anything for the black power movement because it could potentially divide public opinion. People who supported King may have lost some faith if they believed there could be any truth that he was really working with the white American government, whereas the camp who were following X may have felt a sense of divide between them and the people who liked Kings ideals. The reason why this wasn’t going to help the black power movement is that the African Americans needed to fight together to gain equality but their fight was being split into their fight for this and for who’s leader was strongest. A final reason as to why the progress for civil rights was slow was because the civil right groups split and were no longer co-operating with each other. CORE and the SNCC took a stance closer to that of X’s beliefs. They became more violent unlike the NAACP who stuck to  peaceful protest. The problem that this created the civil rights movement is that they are now sending the government mixed messages and are not helping their cause. Also staging violent protest didn’t seem any way near as effective. Because the government and the media generally seemed weighted to the whites side, violence of black was blown out of proportion and shown as propaganda as to why the blacks shouldn’t have power on equal terms with whites. This would mean that blacks wouldn’t be taking steps on the right direction because they would be setting themselves up for a fall in public opinion, something which needed to be on their side for them to gain equality. In conclusion the civil right gains between 1955-68 were slow due to the fact that there was conflict between the blacks who were fighting over the best way to gain their goal when there focus should have been solely on trying to get this goal. They were side tracked and this proved detrimental giving their reputation further dents, even if there are minor positives amidst the movement along with the fact that the resident weren’t too focused on helping the civil rights movement.

Sulphuric acid is dibasic Essay Example

Sulphuric acid is dibasic Essay Example Sulphuric acid is dibasic Paper Sulphuric acid is dibasic Paper Demonstrating that sulphuric is dibasic: Aim: The aim of my plan is to demonstrate that sulphuric acid is dibasic. Introduction: Acid is a substance that reacts with a base to form a salt and water similarly a base is a substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water. Lewis (a scientist) states that an acid is a compound that accepts a pair of electrons from a base and a base is a molecule or an ion that donates a pair of electrons to an acid. Acids taste sour and are corrosive and bases are slippery. ? Acid + Base i Salt + Water Acid + Metal i Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas Prediction: I predict that sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is dibasic because it forms two hydrogen (H+) ions in an aqueous solution. It is the molecule of sulphuric acid which changes to sulphate ions (SO42-) and hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. However, hydrochloric acid is monobasic as it only forms one hydrogen (H+) ion in an aqueous solution. To prove this, I am going to carry out two different experiments that involve a titration and collection of a gas. I assume that it should require me half a volume of sulphuric acid to neutralise sodium hydroxide, NaOH than HCl in titration. In the collection of gas, I expect to collect double the volume of gas when metal reacts with H2SO4 than that of produced in the reaction with HCl. To prevent irritant substances from coming in contact with my skin Method: Titration: 1. Pour in 100cm3of sulphuric acid and 100cm3of Sodium hydroxide in two separate beakers and label them with their corresponding names, H2SO4 and NaOH. 2. Rinse burette first with distilled water then with small amount of H2SO4 while tap is still closed. Leave some of the acid and run it through the tap. 3. Close the tap and clamp the burette. Make sure it is secure. 4. Using filter funnel, fill burette with H2SO4. 5. Also, rinse conical flask with distilled water first and then with NaOH. 6. Bind pipette filler with pipette and fill in 25 cm3 of NaOH and read lower meniscus. 7. Hold pipette above conical flask and remove the pipette filler which will allow NaOH to run down into it. 8. Put a whit tile underneath burette. 9. Add few drops of phenolphthalein in the conical flask containing NaOH and place it on the tile. 10. Open the tap fully and allow the acid to flow and at the same time swirl the conical flask. 11. If the colour of solution is going lighter, twist the tap so that only drops of acid flow into the conical flask. 12. Keep adding the drops until one last drop changes the colour of the solution to colourless. 13. Close the tap with that last drop and record the reading of the acid that was used in a table. 14. Repeat the same procedure 3 more times and find the average volume of acid used. 15. Carry out exactly the same procedure from step 1 to 13 but using HCl instead of H2SO4. 16. See the figure below for how to set up the apparatus.

Categories of Evasion Techniques

Categories of Evasion Techniques Evasion techniques The term evasion technique groups all the methods used by malware to avoid detection, analysis, and understanding. The evasion techniques can be classified into three broad categories, namely, anti-security techniques, anti-sandbox techniques and anti-analyst techniques. Anti-security techniques These techniques are used to avoid detection by antimalware engines, firewalls, application containment, or other tools that protect the environment. Anti-sandbox techniques These techniques are used to detect automatic analysis and avoid engines that report on the behavior of malware. Detecting registry keys, files, or processes related to virtual environments lets malware know if it is running in a sandbox. Anti-analyst techniques These techniques are used to detect and fool malware analysts, for example, by spotting monitoring tools such as Process Explorer or Wireshark, as well as some process-monitoring tricks, packers, or obfuscation to avoid reverse engineering. Some advanced malware samples employ two or three of these techniques together. For example, malware can use a technique like RunPE (which runs another process of itself in memory) to evade antimalware software, a sandbox, or an analyst. Some malware detects a specific registry key related to a virtual environment, allowing the threat to evade an automatic sandbox as well as an analyst attempting to dynamically run the suspected malware binary in a virtual machine. It is important for security researchers to understand these evasion techniques to ensure that security technologies remain viable. Malware detection on mobile devices The basic differences between a PC and mobile device are constrained in terms of computation power, memory and limited battery resources. The targeted exploits of mobile malware are also significantly different from those on PC due to the differences in operating systems and hardware. For e.g. Majority of mobile devices are based on the ARM architecture. Hence, we need to provide due consideration when using the PC based methods for mobile devices. The detection method must use memory and computational resources efficiently and not drain the device battery. The detection method must be cost-efficient to update over the wireless network. There are two general ways of protecting the mobile device. One is to offer protection at the device level and the other is to offer protection at the network level by inspecting packets destined for the device. Device based protection detects and cleans malware including viruses, Trojans and spyware that are installed on the device whereas network based protection looks to detect and prevent intrusions in the network. Malware Analysis Classification All classification approaches taken in the literature can basically be categorized into two types: (i) based on features drawn from an unpacked static version of the executable file and (ii) based on dynamic features of the packed executable file. These approaches are further classified into signature based, behavior based, hybrid based and machine learning based approaches. Signature based approaches are simple and capable to operate online in real time. They detect only known malwares and are not useful for detecting new, unknown and stealthy malwares. They are less powerful with respect to evasion techniques (i.e) obfuscation transformations can easily defeat signature-based detection mechanisms. A signature matching algorithm is well suited for use in mobile device scanning due to its low memory requirements. Behavior based approaches are designed for analyzing the malwares dynamically, thereby allowing it to detect unknown malwares efficiently. They rely on system call sequences/graphs to model a malicious specification/pattern. Behavior-based methods and machine learning methods are dynamic approaches. Anomaly-based approaches, also known as profile-based approaches, profile the statistical features of normal traffic. Any deviation from the profile will be treated as suspicious. They detect previously unknown attacks, but they showed high false-positive ratios when the normal activities are diverse and unpredictable. Specification-based approaches are similar to anomaly detection, but they are based on manually developed specifications that capture legitimate (rather than previously seen) system behaviors. They avoid high false alarm rates caused by legitimate but unseen behavior in the anomaly detection approach. Their drawback lies in more time-consumption as they develop detailed specifications. Thus, one has to trade off specification development effort for increased false negatives (i.e., likelihood that some attacks may be missed). Heuristic approaches for detection in PCs include semantics-based, visualization-based, social network based, entropy based, cryptographic based, difference equation based, kernel based detection approaches. For detection in mobile, immune system-based, memory acquisition-based, suspicious API call patterns, differential fault analysis approach, Intercomponent communications are the approaches that comes under heuristic category. Much research has been conducted on developing automatic malware classification systems using data mining and machine-learning approaches. However, due to various stealth techniques designed by malware authors, most malwares remain undetectable. Organization This paper presents a detailed insight on malware analysis in both the Personal Computer (PC) domain and the mobile domain, based on literature survey done from 1987. First, the various forms of malware and the impact of malware in PC and mobile phones are discussed. Also, their prevalence in most used operating systems such as Windows (for PCs) and Android (for mobile) is focused. Second, the literature survey explaining the contemporary detection approaches are compared with the ancient approaches and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, research questions and findings are discussed, giving key ideas for malware researchers to develop a more robust and efficient detection approach, to improve protection and reduce risks, applicable to real-world scenario.

Entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship - Research Paper Example Such a simplistic definition is not so all-encompassing as the true definition of the word; however, it helps provide the reader with a baseline of pre-conceived notions regarding the scope of understanding associated with entrepreneurship. As compared to a host of other types of jobs accessible to people, being an entrepreneur is unique in that it requires an individual with a host of natural, learned, and inborn talents to compete successfully in hostile marketplace. As such, the successful entrepreneur must embody self-discipline, timeliness, attention to detail, readiness to risk, calmness, and self sacrifice, just to name a few. Furthermore, it is incumbent on most entrepreneurs to be responsible for nearly every aspect of business management in the beginning stages of business start-up. As a result, the burdens associated with accounting, cash flow, marketing, support, product development, and market entry and expansion can often be too heavy a burden to bear for a single indiv idual, which often leads to eventual withdrawal of a business from the market before any recognizable profit potential is generated. Accordingly, the most dangerous stage of entrepreneurship is the uncertain outset, when cash flow has not been established, personnel have not been hired, and the kinds of product/service supply and demand have not yet been fully differentiated. However, although this analysis has briefly acquainted the reader with a very simplistic definition of entrepreneurship, the complicated paths, directions, and decisions associated with entrepreneurship are infinitely more complex than can be implied by a cursory definition of the term. For instance, one of the primary needs that an entrepreneur must address is which direction he/she wishes to take his/her growing firm in the future. Business owners or would-be business owners are often acutely aware that they wish to run their own business but often less aware of which form that business will take in order to generate profits and provide them stable employment. For instance, would-be entrepreneurs are often acutely unaware if they wish to pursue sole proprietorships, general partnerships, limited partnerships, regular corporations, S corporations, non-profit corporations, professional corporations, limited liability corporations, professional limited liability corporations, or partnership limited liability corporations. Each of these forms of incorporation has varying advantages and drawbacks; accordingly, each will be determined based on the type of business one is engaged in, how many overall partners may eventually be included, the size and scope of the business in its ideal form, as well as the amount of money the business is expected to generate in 1, 5, and 10 years time. On the overall level of difficulty, sole proprietorships are often the easiest to create and maintain. Because the business and the owner are essentially the same entity, decision-making comes down to a single per son without the need to consult boards, chairpersons, or shareholders (Freeman, 2007). Additionally, sole proprietorships also offer a degree of cost savings due to the fact that there are no fees associated with the creation of the business entity. However, the main disadvantage of this type of business is that the owner is directly and personally responsible for any losses, legal issues, and/or judgments. A second major drawback is the